Bacterial blight of rice and its control in Nepal

Research on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight of rice pathogen, was initiated at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) with the main objective of assessing the population structure of X. o. pv. oryzae through the use of both conventional and molecular markers in combination with virulence typing. A high DNA polymorphism was detected in the pathogen populations using different DNA probes and rep-PCR primers. Most strains were avirulent to cultivars containing the bacterial blight resistance gene Xa-21, which suggested the strategy that targets gene deployment is feasible in Nepal.     

中国水稻近等基因系的育成及其稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴别能力

 水稻品种丽江新团黑谷是一个普感品种。以它作为轮回亲本 ,日本清泽鉴别品种草笛、梅雨明、K1、Pi4号、K60和 BL1作为抗病性供体亲本 ,通过杂交、回交和抗性鉴定 ,培育了一套单基因的水稻近等基因系。这套近等基因系、它们的供体亲本、清泽鉴别品种、国际水稻研究所近等基因系等对菲律宾菌株的生理小种鉴别能力的比较研究结果为 :( 1 )近等基因系的生理小种鉴别能力比其供体亲本强。 ( 2 )中国近等基因系比清泽鉴别品种的小种鉴别能力高。 ( 3)中国近等基因系的生理小种鉴别能力与国际水稻研究所近等基因系相似或较强。但是国际水稻研究所的近等基因系不适用于鉴别粳稻区的稻瘟病菌生理小种 ;而中国近等基因系既适用于籼稻区 ,也适用于粳稻区 ,是可以在国际上通用的鉴别体系。     

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)拮抗基因的分子标记

用ＢＯＸ－ＰＣＲ指纹图谱进行了１８４个格兰氏生菌株,其中有４１个菌株与标准菌种Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ之间的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱相似性大于７０％,在离体条件下,测定这些菌株对水稻纹枯菌的拮抗性能。选出４个代表菌株（Ｇ４３３、Ｇ４３４＾－、Ｇ３９６＾＋、Ｇ２９２＾＋）用于筛选ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ的有效引物、先后共测试了１２４个随机引物,有８个随机引物能够产生明显与拮抗基因相关的ＤＮ     

从稻种上筛选拮抗细菌防治水稻纹枯病的研究

从 1 3个水稻品种上获得 2 83个细菌分离物 ,其中 2 9个菌株对水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctoniasolani)产生了拮抗作用 ,占总菌株数的 1 0 .2 5 % ,8个菌株对水稻紫鞘病产生了拮抗作用 ,占总菌株数的 2 .83 % ,而没有菌株对水稻恶苗病菌 (Fusariummoniliforme)产生拮抗作用 ;经离体平板拮抗作用的测定、离体纹枯病病斑面积的抑制和植物生长促进试验 ,筛选出两个有潜在价值的菌株 ,这两个菌株经鉴定均为芽孢杆菌 (Bacillussp.)。     

Chitinase levels in rice cultivars correlate with resistance to the sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Various rice cultivars were selected and screened for their reaction to sheath blight in the greenhouse. Cluster analysis of percent relative lesion height (% RLH) generated four groups of cultivars with a coefficient of similarity of 3.27. Chitinase activities were detected 24 h after inoculation of moderately resistant cvs Betichikon, Dudruchi, Khatochalani, Padi Pulut Malat, Kakua, IR72, Khakibinni. But in the susceptible cv. IR58, chitinase activity was detected only 36 h after inoculation. Western blot analysis showed that class 1 and class 2 chitinases were induced following Rhizoctonia solani infection of these cultivars. The % RLH and the number of infection cushions were negatively correlated with the level of chitinase activity. Moderately resistant rice cultivars had higher levels of chitinase activity and lower disease severity and numbers of infection cushions formed compared to IR58.     

Panicle blast and canopy moisture in rice cultivar mixtures

ABSTRACT Glutinous rice cultivars were sown after every fourth row of a nonglutinous, hybrid cultivar in an additive design. The glutinous cultivars were 35 to 40 cm taller and substantially more susceptible to blast than was the nonglutinous cultivar. Interplanting of glutinous and nonglutinous rice reduced the incidence and severity of panicle blast on the glutinous cultivars by >90%, and on the nonglutinous cultivar by 30 to 40%. Mixing increased the per unit area yield of glutinous rice by 80 to 90% relative to pure stand, whereas yield of the nonglutinous cultivar was essentially unaffected by mixing. To determine whether the different plant heights and canopy structures may contribute to a microclimate that is less favorable to blast infection, we monitored the moisture status of the glutinous cultivars in pure stand and mixture at 0800 h by measuring relative humidity at the height of the glutinous panicles using a swing psychrometer and by visually estimating the percentage of leaf area covered by dew. Averaged over the two seasons, the number of days of 100% humidity at 0800 h was 20.0 and 2.2 for pure stands and mixtures, respectively. The mean percentage of glutinous leaf area covered by dewwas 84 and 36% for the pure stands and mixtures, respectively. Although other mechanisms also were operative, reduced leaf wetness was likely a substantial contributor to panicle blast control in the mixtures.     

稻白叶枯病菌在人工培养基上毒性降低因素研究（英文）

 稻白叶枯病菌在人工培养基上毒性降低受多种因素的影响。试验结果表明,营养因素对菌的毒性降低比菌的不同保存方法更为明显,在供试的6种常用培养基中,NA 和 PSA 培养基对菌的毒性降低影响较小。较短的移植间隔期和频繁的移植次数也会影响菌的毒性降低。菌对低浓度氧的敏感性可因菌系而有差异。因此认为冰冻真空干燥和低温保存对抑制菌的毒性降低是较为理想的保存办法。试验还表明粘多糖的产生与菌的毒性之间不存在一定的相关性。     

Genotypic and Pathotypic Diversity in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal

ABSTRACT Among the 171 strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (the bacterial blight pathogen of rice) collected from eight rice-producing zones in Nepal, 31 molecular haplotypes were distinguished using two polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Six common haplotypes represented nearly 63% of the strains, and some haplotypes were geographically dispersed. Multiple correspondence analysis divided the collection into five putative genetic lineages. Lineages 1, 2, and 4 were the most frequently detected and occurred in diverse geographic populations. Twenty-six pathotypes (virulence phenotypes) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were identified using 11 near-iso-genic rice lines, each containing a single gene for resistance. The 26 pathotypes grouped into five clusters, and cluster 1 contained wide virulence spectrum strains from all geographic populations. Although molecular variation was greatest between strains of different virulence phenotypes, some variation was observed among strains with identical virulence. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.52) between molecular haplotypes and virulence phenotypes. There are two major groups of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal. One group consists of strains with high molecular polymorphism and many pathotypes that are either virulent to the 11 major resistance genes or avirulent only to Xa21. Strains in the second group have low molecular polymorphism and are avirulent to Xa4, xa5, Xa7, and Xa21.